HTML and Javascript Tutorial

HTML and Javascript Tutorial HTML Basic Document Document name goes here Visible text goes here Heading Elements Largest Heading . . . . . . . . . . . . Smallest Heading Text Elements This is a paragraph (line break) (horizontal rule) This text is preformatted Logical Styles This text is emphasized This text is strong This is some computer code Physical Styles This text is bold This text is italic Links, Anchors, and Image Elements This is a Link Send e-mail A named anchor: Useful Tips Section Jump to the Useful Tips Section Unordered list First item Next item Ordered list First item Next item Definition list First term Definition Next term Definition Tables someheader someheader sometext sometext Frames Forms Apples Bananas Cherries Entities < is the same as > is the same as > is the same as  © Other Elements Text quoted from some source. Address 1 Address 2 City Commonly Used Character Entities Note Entity names are case sensitive! The Meta Element As we explained in the previous chapter, the head element contains general information (meta-information) about a document. HTML also includes a meta element that goes inside the head element. The purpose of the meta element is to provide meta-information about the document. Most often the meta element is used to provide information that is relevant to browsers or search engines like describing the content of your document. Keywords for Search Engines Some search engines on the WWW will use the name and content attributes of the meta tag to index your pages. The intention of the name and content attributes is to describe the content of a page. However, since too many webmasters have used meta tags for spamming, like repeating keywords to give pages a higher ranking, some search engines have stopped using them entirely. Uniform Resource Locators Something called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to address a document (or other data) on the World Wide Web. A full Web address like this: http://www.w3schools.com/html/lastpage.htm follows these syntax rules: scheme://host.domain:port/path/filename The scheme is defining the type of Internet service. The most common type is http. The domain is defining the Internet domain name like w3schools.com. The host is defining the domain host. If omitted, the default host for http is www. The :port is defining the port number at the host. The port number is normally omitted. The default port number for http is 80. The path is defining a path (a sub directory) at the server. If the path is omitted, the resource (the document) must be located at the root directory of the Web site. The filename is defining the name of a document. The default filename might be default.asp, or index.html or something else depending on the settings of the Web server. URL Schemes Some examples of the most common schemes can be found below: Accessing a Newsgroup The following HTML code: HTML Newsgroup creates a link to a newsgroup like this HTML Newsgroup Downloading with FTP The following HTML code: Download WinZip creates a link to download a file like this: Download WinZip. (The link doesnt work. Dont try it. It is just an example. W3Schools doesnt really have an ftp directory.) Link to your Mail system The following HTML code: [emailprotected] creates a link to your own mail system like this: Insert a Script into HTML Page A script in HTML is defined with the tag. Note that you will have to use the type attribute to specify the scripting language. How to Handle Older Browsers A browser that does not recognize the tag at all, will display the tag's content as text on the page. To prevent the browser from doing this, you should hide the script in comment tags. An old browser (that does not recognize the tag) will ignore the comment and it will not write the tag's content on the page, while a new browser will understand that the script should be executed, even if it is surrounded by comment tags. Example New to HTML 4.0 is the ability to let HTML events trigger actions in the browser, like starting a JavaScript when a user clicks on an HTML element. Below is a list of attributes that can be inserted into HTML tags to define event actions. Window Events Only valid in body and frameset elements. Only valid in form elements. Keyboard Events Not valid in base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style, and title elements. Mouse Events Not valid in base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style, title elements. Your Windows PC as a Web Server If you want other people to view your pages, you must publish them. To publish your work, you must save your pages on a web server. Your own PC can act as a web server if you install IIS or PWS. IIS or PWS turns your computer into a web server. Microsoft IIS and PWS are free web server components. IIS - Internet Information Server IIS is for Windows system like Windows 2000, XP, and Vista. It is also available for Windows NT. IIS is easy to install and ideal for developing and testing web applications. IIS includes Active Server Pages (ASP), a server-side scripting standard that can be used to create dynamic and interactive web applications. PWS - Personal Web Server PWS is for older Windows system like Windows 95, 98, and NT. PWS is easy to install and can be used for developing and testing web applications including ASP. We don't recommend running PWS for anything else than training. It is outdated and have security issues. Windows Web Server Versions Windows Vista Professional comes with IIS 6. Windows Vista Home Edition does not support PWS or IIS. Windows XP Professional comes with IIS 5. Windows XP Home Edition does not support IIS or PWS. Windows 2000 Professional comes with IIS 4. Windows NT Professional comes with IIS 3 and also supports IIS 4. Windows NT Workstation supports PWS and IIS 3. Windows ME does not support PWS or IIS. Windows 98 comes with PWS. Windows 95 supports PWS. HTML Summary This tutorial has taught you how to use HTML to create your own web site. HTML is the universal markup language for the Web. HTML lets you format text, add graphics, create links, input forms, frames and tables, etc., and save it all in a text file that any browser can read and display. The key to HTML is the tags, which indicates what content is coming up. XHTML XHTML reformulates HTML 4.01 in XML. CSS CSS is used to control the style and layout of multiple Web pages all at once. With CSS, all formatting can be removed from the HTML document and stored in a separate file. CSS gives you total control of the layout, without messing up the document content. JavaScript Tutorial What is JavaScript? JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages JavaScript is a scripting language A scripting language is a lightweight programming language JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute without preliminary compilation) Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license What can a JavaScript Do? JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool - HTML authors are normally not programmers, but JavaScript is a scripting language with a very simple syntax! Almost anyone can put small "snippets" of code into their HTML pages JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page - A JavaScript statement like this: document.write(" " + name + " ") can write a variable text into an HTML page JavaScript can react to events - A JavaScript can be set to execute when something happens, like when a page has finished loading or when a user clicks on an HTML element JavaScript can read and write HTML elements - A JavaScript can read and change the content of an HTML element JavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be used to validate form data before it is submitted to a server. This saves the server from extra processing JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser - A JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser, and - depending on the browser - load another page specifically designed for that browser JavaScript can be used to create cookies - A JavaScript can be used to store and retrieve information on the visitor's computer How to Put a JavaScript Into an HTML Page Where to Put the JavaScript JavaScripts in a page will be executed immediately while the page loads into the browser. This is not always what we want. Sometimes we want to execute a script when a page loads, other times when a user triggers an event. Scripts in the head section: Scripts to be executed when they are called, or when an event is triggered, go in the head section. When you place a script in the head section, you will ensure that the script is loaded before anyone uses it. Scripts in the body section: Scripts to be executed when the page loads go in the body section. When you place a script in the body section it generates the content of the page. Scripts in both the body and the head section: You can place an unlimited number of scripts in your document, so you can have scripts in both the body and the head section. Using an External JavaScript Sometimes you might want to run the same JavaScript on several pages, without having to write the same script on every page. To simplify this, you can write a JavaScript in an external file. Save the external JavaScript file with a .js file extension. Note: The external script cannot contain the tag! To use the external script, point to the .js file in the "src" attribute of the tag: JavaScript is Case Sensitive Unlike HTML, JavaScript is case sensitive - therefore watch your capitalization closely when you write JavaScript statements, create or call variables, objects and functions. JavaScript Statements A JavaScript statement is a command to the browser. The purpose of the command is to tell the browser what to do. This JavaScript statement tells the browser to write "Hello Dolly" to the web page: It is normal to add a semicolon at the end of each executable statement. Most people think this is a good programming practice, and most often you will see this in JavaScript examples on the web. The semicolon is optional (according to the JavaScript standard), and the browser is supposed to interpret the end of the line as the end of the statement. Because of this you will often see examples without the semicolon at the end. Note: Using semicolons makes it possible to write multiple statements on one line. JavaScript Code JavaScript code (or just JavaScript) is a sequence of JavaScript statements. Each statement is executed by the browser in the sequence they are written. This example will write a header and two paragraphs to a web page: JavaScript Blocks JavaScript statements can be grouped together in blocks. Blocks start with a left curly bracket {, and ends with a right curly bracket }. The purpose of a block is to make the sequence of statements execute together. This example will write a header and two paragraphs to a web page: JavaScript comments can be used to make the code more readable. JavaScript Comments Comments can be added to explain the JavaScript, or to make it more readable. Single line comments start with //. This example uses single line comments to explain the code: Using Comments to Prevent Execution In this example the comment is used to prevent the execution of a single code line: In this example the comments is used to prevent the execution of multiple code lines: Using Comments at the End of a Line In this example the comment is placed at the end of a line: Variables are "containers" for storing information. Declaring (Creating) JavaScript Variables Creating variables in JavaScript is most often referred to as "declaring" variables. You can declare JavaScript variables with the var statement: After the declaration shown above, the variables are empty (they have no values yet). However, you can also assign values to the variables when you declare them: After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will hold the value 5, and carname will hold the value Volvo. Note: When you assign a text value to a variable, use quotes around the value. Assigning Values to Undeclared JavaScript Variables If you assign values to variables that have not yet been declared, the variables will automatically be declared. These statements: have the same effect as: Redeclaring JavaScript Variables If you redeclare a JavaScript variable, it will not lose its original value. After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will still have the value of 5. The value of x is not reset (or cleared) when you redeclare it. Conditional Statements Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different decisions. You can use conditional statements in your code to do this. In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements: if statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code only if a specified condition is true if...else statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code if the condition is true and another code if the condition is false if...else if....else statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed switch statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed script type="text/javascript"> //If the time is less than 10, //you will get a "Good morning" greeting. //Otherwise you will get a "Good day" greeting. var d = new Date(); var time = d.getHours(); if (time { document.write("Good morning!"); } else { document.write("Good day!"); } The JavaScript Switch Statement You should use the switch statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed. Syntax //You will receive a different greeting based //on what day it is. Note that Sunday=0, //Monday=1, Tuesday=2, etc. var d=new Date(); theDay=d.getDay(); switch (theDay) { case 5: document.write("Finally Friday"); break; case 6: document.write("Super Saturday"); break; case 0: document.write("Sleepy Sunday"); break; default: document.write("I'm looking forward to this weekend!"); } JavaScript Popup Boxes Alert Box An alert box is often used if you want to make sure information comes through to the user. When an alert box pops up, the user will have to click "OK" to proceed. Syntax: Confirm Box A confirm box is often used if you want the user to verify or accept something. When a confirm box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or "Cancel" to proceed. If the user clicks "OK", the box returns true. If the user clicks "Cancel", the box returns false. Syntax: Prompt Box A prompt box is often used if you want the user to input a value before entering a page. When a prompt box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or "Cancel" to proceed after entering an input value. If the user clicks "OK" the box returns the input value. If the user clicks "Cancel" the box returns null. Syntax: JavaScript Functions JavaScript Functions To keep the browser from executing a script when the page loads, you can put your script into a function. A function contains code that will be executed by an event or by a call to that function. You may call a function from anywhere within the page (or even from other pages if the function is embedded in an external .js file). Functions can be defined both in the and in the section of a document. However, to assure that the function is read/loaded by the browser before it is called, it could be wise to put it in the section. How to Define a Function The syntax for creating a function is:

Advantages of Monopoly Essay

Monopolies do not always lead to increased prices, lower outputs and welfare losses. In fact, monopolies can often lead to increases in society’s welfare as large monopolists benefit from economies of scale in production and distribution. These falls in costs can often be passed on to consumers in the form of lower priced products. We will now discuss briefly some of the potential advantages of monopolistic market structures. †¢ Lower production costs and increased welfare Under monopoly, greater output and standardization can lead to lower costs. This can lead to economies of scale and scope, which can be passed on to consumers in the form of lower priced products. †¢ Natural monopolies It could be argued that some industries are more efficiently organized as monopolies. Industries such as water, gas, electricity and communications are often referred to as ‘natural monopolies’. A natural monopoly arises when the ratio of the minimum efficient scale to industry size is so large that industries can only support one efficient firm. In natural monopolies, fixed costs form a large part of total costs. If the monopoly is in private hands, the monopolist maximizes profits where marginal costs equal marginal revenues, and produces at output level and charges price. The monopolist makes excess profits equal to the shaded area. If the firm were forced to charge a price that would prevail under competition, it would set price equal to marginal costs and produce at output level. For example, suppose we have a water company that supplies a certain part of the country through a network of pipes. It would be inefficient for a new firm to enter the market, set up its own system of pipes and then start supplying a segment of the market. This is because the level of output the firm produces would yield insufficient revenue to cover total costs. This competition would therefore lead to wasteful duplication (and competition) of systems. †¢ Technical progress Large monopoly profits may be used to finance research and development programmes. Monopoly profits are the reward for successful innovations. These innovations bring welfare gains to society in the form of new products and processes. Furthermore, these monopoly profits will not persist as there will eventually be entry by imitators or patents will lapse, which will eventually dissipate these profits. These assertions have been tested empirically for manufacturing and service industries in a number of countries. †¢ Avoids wasteful forms of competition Monopolies may avoid wasteful forms of competition such as advertising, which are prevalent features of many oligopolistic market structures. Given that monopolists to some extent have a captive market, there is little incentive for monopolies to advertise. In addition, monopolists may also generate a degree of price stability. They may be expert in accurately gauging the level of demand and supply. A monopolist may also be better placed to endure any downturn in the business cycle. Reference: http://classof1.com/homework-help/economics-homework-help/

Relationship between Religion and Voting and Political Behavior Essay

Religion is a powerful and very influential factor in people’s lives. It governs one’s actions, and it is considered when people are faced with difficult decisions. Even in politics, religion has an important role to fill. Various studies have been done in the past to determine the effects that religion has on the voting and political behaviors of people. Consequently, religion affects the voting and political behavior in the following ways: 1) by setting standards that guide believers in the realm of politics; 2) by indirectly leading the congregation in developing a common outlook on political issues; and 3) by serving as a source of motivation. Interestingly, the church (religion) is separated from the state (politics), yet religion is an influential factor with regards to political activities (Bryner). In fact, there are some countries whose religion takes precedence over government policies. For instance, there are countries where policies in reproductive health are being pushed by politicians. However, the church may intervene if it deems that the policies are against the teachings of the church. Religion, as described by Wald and Calhoun-Brown, â€Å"is a specialized institution with a limited public role, and religious affiliation is a matter of personal choice† (8). According to McDaniel, religion â€Å"permeates all aspects of American life,† including social and political lives (1). It has become a very important factor for the United States, compared to other developed countries such as Canada and Britain (McDaniel 3). By Setting Standards that Guide Believers in the Realm of Politics Interestingly, political parties in the United States recognized the power of religion as a political weapon. During campaigns before the election, political candidates used the strategy of appealing first to religious groups to gain their support, otherwise known as God strategy. Republicans are said to be more successful than Democrats in using this strategy (McDaniel 18). Most notably, presidential candidates of the recent elections John McCain, Hillary Clinton, and Barak Obama all expressed the importance of fusing God and the American country (McDaniel 22). However, this God strategy has not just sprouted recently. During the â€Å"Great Awakening† period, political campaigning made use of techniques for mass persuasion, which were originally used through preaching and worship styles. Political wannabes gained their supporters by endorsing parades and tent meetings, even door-to-door campaigning and public declarations. These were the same techniques that evangelists used to convert people into the religion being sponsored (Wald and Calhoun-Brown 42). In addition, past researches showed that churches and religious groups ranked first among other groups in having confidence in major institutions. Mass media, public schools, labor unions, and business fell behind. The most interesting finding is that people believed that Catholic priest are more honest and ethical despite cases of sexual abuse compared to government officials and business leaders. The truth of this finding could be seen in the amount of donations. In 2002 alone, $80 to $90 billion was spent on religious institutions. This indicates that churches are the number one recipient of private philanthropy. A portion of the budget is spent on education, health, community development, and others (Wald and Calhoun-Brown 10). Furthermore, religion affects the political behavior of the public as described by Martin Luther King, Jr. According to him, a religion that is â€Å"true to its nature† is not only concerned about the faith and salvation of the public but also includes social conditions. It means that the public sees religion as an aid against economic and social conditions that cripple it. The public is also confident that religion can aid in making conditions better (McDaniel 31). By Indirectly Leading the Congregation in Developing a Common Outlook on Political Issues Churches serve as political communities. In 1988, a study involved 21 Florida churches which believed that â€Å"the theological climate in the churches contributed strongly to the political conservatism of its members. † The authors stated that theology and practices in a church can lead to cohesion with regards to the political attitudes of the members (McDaniel 8). Past researches all showed one similarity in their results: religion affects the voting and political behavior of the public. In particular, religion has influenced the public’s political views, especially among Americans. For instance, Americans support the candidates based on the latter’s position on moral and social issues (Buras 3) such as homosexuality, abortion, and environmental and economic issues (Gibbs). A research study showing the connection between religiosity and voting behavior would best explain the influence that religion holds on its congregation. The study stated that voters would consider the issues that the candidate supports or does not support. In particular, economics and benefits are among the priorities of voters when choosing for their candidates. This shows that voters would first vote according to what would best benefit them and their group (Gibb). Another study provided evidence on the influence that religion has on the voting behavior of the public. It showed that majority of the respondents under the Evangelical category (70. 2%) registered to vote compared to non-evangelical Christian (65. 7%). The study also revealed that those who attended religious services on a regular basis are more likely to register. Also, 67. 5% of those who registered believed that religion is a very important factor in their lives, whereas 59. 2% expressed that religion is not important (Buras 7). Another issue that voters look into is related to gender. Gibb stated that among women, they would choose to support a candidate or would identify with a certain political party if it supports gender issues that are pressing such as female equality and reproductive rights. In addition, the author mentioned that cultural factors influenced why women support the Democratic Party while men support the Republican Party. The split between men and women in choosing the party to support is attributed to the implementation of newer policies for women’s rights that threatens a society that is largely based on tradition. The study further went deeper by examining factors that influence voting behavior. One of these factors was ideology, which serves as a reflection of the things that a person holds important such as ethnicity and gender (Gibbs). In the United States, religion has a say in how representatives vote. There are also denominations which are united in choosing which candidate to put to power. For example, when it comes to their beliefs about abortion, Jewish groups, along with Mainline denominations, would support pro-choice stances while Catholics and Mormons would support pro-life. In addition, religious denominations support their own candidates, as can be seen through the support of Evangelical Protestants on conservatism while Jews and Catholics support liberalism (Gibb). Additionally, Evangelical Protestants support the Republican Party because they believed that the party’s policies on privatization of social security, defense spending, and tax cuts, among others, subscribe to their beliefs. On the other hand, the Democratic Party supports public welfare, affirmative action, and universal healthcare (â€Å"Religion and its effects on Political Party Affiliation†). Another study involved the question of whether Catholics or Protestants or other religions vote with regards to their moral values. The study showed that more than 45. 5% of Protestants believed that the views of the candidates on moral issues are more important than economic policies. The percentage for Catholic almost reached 28. 6%%. However, other religions (52. 5%) disagreed to the idea that the views of candidates on moral issues are more important than economic policies. Interestingly, the Catholic registered a smaller percentage in agreeing compared to Protestants, as opposed to its strong stance on moral issues such as abortion. However, the Catholics would support the Democratic Party, as it includes economic policies that are aligned to the tenets of Catholicism (â€Å"Religion as a Variable†). Furthermore, several studies showed that evangelicals associate with their preferred parties. For instance, evangelicals would more likely support the Republican Party while non-evangelicals would support the Democratic Party. This shows the connection between the religion and the voting behavior of the public (Gibb). By Serving as Motivation Religious groups participate in politics for varied reasons. One is voice and equality. For instance, when churches support a particular political candidate, it gives the former a voice to encourage the public. It also presents an opportunity for the churches to communicate to the public about their faith and religion. Additionally, political participation sets the stage for equality (McDaniel 9). Religious groups also show that they have the capacity to participate in politics. However, participating means that there are some things required of them. One of these is time. Religious groups must spend a portion of their time to volunteer during campaigns. Another is money as support to the political cause that they endorse. The last thing is verbal skills necessary â€Å"to compose a convincing letter. † As mentioned already, churches serve as voluntary organizations. It means that they would need the assistance and training of members in order to achieve its goals or duties. Furthermore, churches are the best place where one can build skills needed in the political arena (McDaniel 11-12). Aside from capacity, churches have networks of recruitment. They have the ability to mobilize the public into participating in politics through these networks. As such, groups and activist can encourage people to participate in political activities. They also recognize that people â€Å"are more likely to participate when asked† (McDaniel 13). Furthermore, people can enjoy tangible and intangible benefits when they vote. Voting shows their cooperation towards the realization of their goals for the betterment of the country or government. Likewise, religion can be a source for motivation (McDaniel 15-16). Another reason involves the Americans’ journey towards identity that they can found in religion. For many years, Americans resorted to ways in order to improve their situations. By joining in religious activities and political parties, they believe that they can seek identity. Furthermore, several authors of previous studies stated that religious identity is an important factor which gives light to the question regarding people’s reasons for choosing a political party (â€Å"Religion and its effects on Political Party Affiliation†). From the facts and results of previous studies presented, it shows that religion indeed affects the voting and political behavior of the public through several ways. By setting standards that guide believers in the realm of politics, the public determines which candidate or political party to support. In addition, religious congregation that has things in common is more likely to act on their status with regards to political activities. Furthermore, religion serves as motivation for most people to participate in politics.

Problems Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Controversies in Treating Autism Spectrum Disorder According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1 in 68 children are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or more commonly referred to as autism yearly (â€Å"Autism Spectrum Disorder†). Autism is a complicated developmental disorder typically diagnosed during the time between infancy and age three (Autism Spectrum Disorder†) that can cause â€Å"difficulties with social interaction, [both] verbal and nonverbal communication, and behavioral problems including receptive behaviors and narrow focus of interest† (Davidson et al. 373). There are different types of autism, including â€Å"Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder† (Davidson et al. 377). Little information is known about the disorder, including the cause and a possible cure. According to Nancy Shute, â€Å"as many as 75 percent of autistic children are rec eiving â€Å"’alternative’† treatments not developed by conventional medicine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that â€Å"the therapies are often bogus† or unproven to actually work. Chelation therapy is a treatment for lead and mercury poisoning (â€Å"Beware of False†), yet it is used to treat autism because of the disproven theory that heavy metals formally found in vaccinations caused autism (â€Å"†¦And The ‘Final Word’†). Correspondingly, several medicines are used in treating certain symptoms caused by autism and are proven to work; but, untested medications used for other medicalShow MoreRelatedProblems Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorder1265 Words   |  6 PagesDue to confidentiality concerns some identifying information has been changed to protect the identity of those involved. BD is a 6 year old male who has been diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. 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